Emissions of NOx, SOx, and particulate matter (PM) are estimated across various subcategories within the energy and industrial sectors, as well as stationary sources in commercial, residential, and agricultural settings. The main subcategories considered include: 1A1 – Energy Industries (1A1a – Heat and electricity production, 1A1b – Petroleum refining); 1A2 – Industry (1A2a – Iron and steel, 1A2b – Non-ferrous metals, 1A2c – Chemicals, 1A2d – Pulp, paper, and print, 1A2e – Processed food, beverages, and tobacco); and stationary sources in commercial/institutional (1A4ai), residential (1A4bi), and agriculture/forestry/fishing (1A4ci) sectors.
Emissions of NOx from the energy sector are shown on the following graph.
From the NOX emission (in kt) trend for the period 1990-2023 it can be noted that the highest NOX emissions are estimated in 1990-2012. From 2013 there is an decreasing trend in NOX emission and lower NOX emissions, due to modernization of boilers in the energy production installation.
From the pie-chart that contains the share of each subcategory in the total NOX emissions in 2023, it can be noted that the subcategory 1A1 - Energy Industries has the highest one - 79%, and then 1A2 - Industry with 13%, 1A4bi - Residential: stationary with 6%, while the categories 1A4ai - Commercial/Institutional: Stationary and 1A4ci - Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Stationary have lower shares from the total NOX emissions close to 1%
Emissions of SO2 from the energy sector are shown on the following graph.
From the trend of SO₂ emissions (expressed in kilotonnes) for the period 1990–2023, it can be observed that the key source of SO₂ emissions is electricity production in thermal power plants using lignite. The trend is influenced by the amount of coal and fuel oil used for electricity generation, as well as by the measurements performed. In recent years, higher emissions have been observed; however, according to experts from the IPA II project “Support for the Implementation of Air Directives” and experts from the IIASA EU4Green project, there are significant uncertainties in the measurements that do not correspond to the applied fuel quantities. These emissions will be recalculated next year using emission factors
From the pie-chart that contains the share of each subcategory in the total SO2 emissions in 2023, it can be noted that the subcategory, 1A1 - Energy Industries has the highest one - 99%, and then 1A2 - Industry with 1%, while the categories 1A4bi - Residential: stationary, 1A4ai - Commercial/Institutional: Stationary and 1A4ci - Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Stationary have minor contribution in the national total of this pollutant.
Emissions of PM2,5 from the energy sector are shown on the following graph.
From the PM2,5 emission (in kt) trend for the period 1990-2023 it can be noted that the highest PM2,5 emissions are estimated in 2000 while the lowest ones are estimated in 2023. The largest share comes from emissions due to the use of fossil fuels in households. This results from the increasing use of pellets, heat pumps, and air conditioners compared to the use of firewood as the most commonly used energy source, as well as the use of more efficient heating appliances.
From the pie-chart that contains the share of each subcategory in the total PM2,5 emissions in 2023, it can be noted that the subcategory 1A4bi - Residential: stationary has the highest one - 80%, and then 1A1 - Energy Industries with 17%, 1A2 - Industry with 3%, while the categories 1A4ai - Commercial/Institutional: Stationary and 1A4ci - Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Stationary have shares from the total PM2,5 emissions close to 0%
