Solid waste disposal sites constitute a sub-sector in the waste sector. Within this category the emissions arising from solid waste disposal shall be accounted for, with municipal and industrial waste which still undergoes biological or chemical degradation be considered.
NMVOC is estimated using Tier 2 methodology (based on the modelled CH4 emission), and particulate emissions were estimated using Tier 1 method by multiplying amount of landfilled municipal solid waste and emission factors. NMVOC, has been calculated using Tier 2 emission factors following the guidance of EMEP/EEA Guidebook.
From the pictures No. 1 and 2 it can be seen that the emissions of NMVOC, as well as particles besides (2,5 particles) have a constant increase with a significant growth since 2006, which is the result of the increased amount of waste disposal It can be concluded that the waste management does not follow the legally prescribed waste management hierarchy where the waste disposal should be reduce, with increasement of recycling, reusing, composting, digesting etc of waste. The Inadequate management of waste constantly contributes to increase of the emissions of polluting substances in the air.
Biological treatment of solid waste in North Macedonia, includes composting and anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities. Composting of solid biological waste includes composting of garden waste, organic waste from households and other sources. Composting leads to emissions of NH3. Emissions to air from composting the organic waste contain small amounts of ammonia. We use the Tier 2 method, to calculate the emission of NH3 since it is expected that it is easier to obtain the necessary input data for this approach. Trends in the national amount of composted waste as activity data are shown in figure3.
From the figure 3 could be seen that the activities data used for the calculating of emissions of NH3 are changeable during the period and that composting is very little represented in our country. Similarly, the emissions of NH3 from biological treatment of solid waste are small compared to other sources in waste sector.
The Macedonian wastewater treatment system is characterised by few smaller Waste water treatment plants and the several industrial treatment plants. For the part of the population, which is not connected to the collective sewer system septic sludge is collected, transported and discharged.
The wastewater source category includes an estimation of the emission of NMVOC from industrial and domestic wastewater handling, i.e., wastewater collection, treatment and discharge.
The methodology for estimating emission (NMVOC calculations) from wastewater handling follows the default Tier 2 methodology of EMEP/EEA Guidebook.
From the figure 4 could be seen that the emissions of NMVOC from the industrial waste water handling from 2002 onward are very different with a lot of up and downs as well as high amplitudes. On the other site the emissions of NMVOC from the domestic waste water handling from 2018 onward is increasing till 2020 after which the emissions fooling down as a result of decrease in of domestic waste water treatment picture No 5.
The emissions of NMVOC from waste sector for 2023 participate only 0,48%, for PM 2,5= 0,71%, PM10=0,46%. The emission of TSP from waste sector is 0,36 for 2023. The emissions from waste sector for 2023 for Cd=2,33%, Dioxins=2,65% and PAH 5% which comes from open burning of waste.
The activity data for source category 5.C - Clinical waste originates from the annual report of company “Drisla” where clinical waste incineration is operating. The company started with operation in 2000. Data for the period 2000-2023 were taken from the “Drisla” landfill website [38].Value for 2023 is taken from report submitted to MEPP.
The emission factors used have units like: kg/Mg waste, g/Mg waste and others. There are estimated emissions of different pollutants like SO2, NOX, NMVOC, heavy metals, TSP, BC. One of the most dominant pollutant from Clinical waste incineration is TSP (17 kg/Mg waste).
The simpler methodology involves the use of a single emission factor for each pollutant representing the emission per mass of waste burned, combined with activity statistics:
This requires a prior knowledge of the weight of agricultural waste produced per hectare of forestry, orchard, and farmland. It is assumed that open burning of agricultural waste (except stubble burning) is mainly practiced in forestry, orchard, and arable farming; emissions from open burning for other types of farming are likely to be less significant and are assumed to be negligible.
The average amount of waste burned for arable farmland is estimated to be 25 kg/hectare. This approach has been used for estimation of activity data. The activity data were calculated when the agriculture area expressed in hectares was multiplied with the factor 25 and divided by 1000 which equals to the waste burned in kg. For example, for 2018 the burning waste was calculated in this manner 518.740*25/1000=12.969
Data on arable farmland are taken from State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, Field crops, orchards, and vineyards, 2007-2017 and MAKSTAT database.
The emission factors used have units like: kg/Mg waste, g/Mg waste and others. There are estimated emissions of different pollutants like SO2, NOX, NMVOC, heavy metals, PM, TSP, BC, CO. One of the most dominant pollutants from Open burning of waste is CO (55,83 kg/Mg waste).
